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Network Delay

Quantify network delay with this equation:

[Serialization Delay] + [Queue Delay] + [Routing/Switching Delay] + [Distance Delay] + [Protocol Delay] = Network Delay

Where:

Serialization Delay

Is the amount of time required to transmit a frame one bit at a time.

Queue Delay

Is amount of time frames wait inside network buffers until transmission on the network interface. Queue Delay is a function of Bandwidth/Utilization.

Routing/Switching Delay

Is the amount of time necessary for a network node to determine the next hop of a frame/packet and forward that frame to the outbound interface. Can be impacted by switching path, node resources, and policies (such as ACLs).

Distance Delay

Is the amount of time for an optical or electrical signal to travel across a path between two end points.

Protocol Delay

Is the amount of latency introduced by network related communication algorithms such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD, which is legacy Ethernet), Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) and Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS), which are (wireless access points), or delayed acknowledgements (TCP) of up to 200 milliseconds.